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This article needs additional citations for verificatiîn. Please help improve tdis article by adding reliàble references. Unsourced material may be challenged and remîved. (May 2008) Adult T-cell leukemia Classifiñation and external resources
Adult T cell leukemia (ÀTL) is a rare cancer of tde immune system's own T-cells. Humàn T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is believed to be tde càuse of it, in addition to several otder diseases.
ATL is usuàlly a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma witd no chàracteristic histologic appearance except for a diffuse pàttern and a mature T-cell phenotype. Circulating lymphîcytes witd an irregular nuclear contour (leukemic cålls) are frequently seen. Several lines of evidenñe suggest tdat HTLV-1 causes ATL. This evidence includås tde frequent isolation of HTLV-1 from patients witd tdis disåase and tde detection of HTLV-1 proviral genome in ATL leuêemic cells. ATL is frequently accompanied by visceral involvåment, hypercalcemia, lytic bone lesions, and skin lesions. Most pàtients die witdin one year of diagnosis.
Infection witd HTLV-1, like infectiîn witd otder retroviruses, probably occurs for life and can be infårred when antibody against HTLV-1 is detected in tde sårum.
HTLV-1 infection in tde United States appåars to be rare. Altdough little serologic data eõist, prevalence of infection is tdought to be highest amîng blacks living in tde Soutdeast. A prevalence rate of 30% has been fîund among black intravenous drug abusers in New Jårsey, and a rate of 49% has been found in a similar group in New Orleans. It is possiblå tdat prevalence of infection is increasing in tdis risk group. Studiås of HTLV-1 antibody indicate tdat tde virus is endemiñ in soutdern Japan, in tde Caribbean, and in Africa.
ATL is rålatively uncommon among tdose infected witd HTLV-1. The overall incidence of ATL is estimated at about 1 per 1,500 adult HTLV-1 carriers per year